Game 1

(;FF[4]ST[2]AP[GOWrite:2.3.48]SZ[19]CA[UTF-8]GM[1]PW[AlphaGo]RE[W+2.50]RU[Chinese]GN[ ]DT[2015-10-05]BR[2p]C[Commentary by

Robert Jasiek using theory of the book Positional Judgement 2 - Dynamics

Best viewed with a local SGF editor that shows arbitrary labels. Note that there are variations starting with a pass or the

same move as the major sequence's move. Variations contain essential diagram SGF nodes starting new diagrams even when there

is no new move. Online viewing of this SGF may be insufficient for seeing all the commentary, markup, SGF diagrams and

variations.]FG[259:]PB[Fan Hui]CP[(to comments)\: Antti Tormanen 1p]AN[Antti Tormanen 1p]PM[2]TM[3600]KM[7.50]
;B[pd]
;W[dd]
;B[pp]
;W[dq]
;B[co]
;W[dl]
;B[dn]
;W[fp]
;B[bq]
;W[jq]
;B[cf]
;W[ch]
;B[fd]
;W[df]
;B[dg]
;W[cg]
;B[dc]
;W[ce]
;B[cc]
;W[hc]
;B[fb]
;W[nc]
;B[qf]
;W[pb]
;B[bf]
;W[be]
;B[ef]
;W[de]
;B[qc]
;W[kc]
;B[qn]
;W[cm]
;B[cr]
;W[mq]
;B[oq]
;W[qm]
;B[pm]
;W[ql]
;B[rn]
;W[pl]
;B[om]
;W[qi]
;B[hq]
;W[hp]
;B[gq]
;W[gp]
;B[iq]
;W[ip]
;B[jr]
;W[kq]
;B[er]
;W[rg]
;B[qg]
;W[rf]
;B[re]
;TR[dl][dn][fp][gp][hp][ip][jq][kq][mq][om]W[qh]L[jo][jp]C[Influence stone difference for the lower center\: 2 - 8 = -6 in

White's facour. Note that the exchange Black A - White B does not alter this because afterwards the stone A is too weak to

count as a significant influence stone and the influence stone K3 is replaced by K4.]
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;L[jm]C[As the study shows, this move results in the local territory count 7 points. Instead Black A results in the local

territory count ca. 3 points. Hence, the black move increases the local territory count by ca. 4 points in Black's favour.

Since White needs to answer, Black gains, in the purely territorial judgement, ca. 4 points in sente.]B[kr]
;PM[2]FG[259:]
(
;W[ln]
;B[sf]
;W[rh]
;B[qb]
;W[fe]
;B[el]
;W[ek]
;B[fk]
;W[ej]
;B[fl]
;W[dm]
;B[fj]
(
;W[il]C[There have been comments expressing surprise about this move. Why? In terms of influence stone difference, it is the

obvious move\: in the lower center, the move creates the influence stone difference -4 in White's favour and, if instead

Black may make the next play in the lower center, prevents the influence stone difference 4 in Black's favour.

The local change in influence stone difference between Black or White making a play in the lower center is 8 influence

stones. This is a large number for a change in influence stone difference!

Since the move has a great impact on the score, it is not so surprising that AlphaGo could find the move, although the

program would assess it in terms of expected score rather than in the - for humans - very much simpler terms of change in

influence stone difference.]
;B[fi]
;W[ei]
;B[fh]
;W[gd]
;B[dh]
;W[ci]
;B[di]
;W[cj]
(
;C[This move is a mistake. Surely, it has a small impact on the local territories but otherwise the move is played in a

neutral region as a neutral stone. Instead, it should be played as a valuable influence stone in the valuable (upper) center

region.]B[fn]
;W[em]
;B[hn]
;W[in]
;B[en]
;W[oo]
;B[np]
;W[nn]
;B[po]
;W[hm]
;B[fm]
;W[nl]
(
;B[og]
;W[nr]
;B[or]
;W[nh]
;B[oj]
;W[ol]
;B[oh]
;W[ni]
;B[oi]
;W[ng]
;B[nf]
;W[mf]
;B[ne]
;W[me]
;B[gc]
;W[hb]
;B[bd]
;W[ed]
;B[fc]
;W[ff]
;B[ae]
;W[bg]
;B[af]
;W[eh]
;B[fg]
;W[eg]
;B[ge]
;W[hd]
;B[gf]
;W[ee]
;B[if]
;W[fa]
;B[ga]
;W[gb]
;B[ea]
;W[ec]
;B[eb]
;W[nd]
;B[je]
;W[pe]
;B[oe]
;W[od]
;B[of]
;W[pc]
;B[qd]
;W[jh]
;B[kd]
;W[lc]
;B[nj]
;W[hh]
;B[hg]
;W[mj]
;B[mk]
;W[lj]
;B[nk]
(
;W[lk]
;B[pa]
;W[rm]
;B[mp]
;W[lp]
;B[lr]
;W[lq]
;B[bn]
;W[qq]
;B[rp]
;W[rq]
;B[qp]
;W[ag]
;B[ad]
;W[cp]
;B[bp]
;W[oa]
;B[qa]
;W[dr]
;B[ds]
;W[ob]
;B[ml]
;W[nm]
;B[pn]
;W[hj]
;B[kg]
;W[jg]
;B[kf]
;W[kh]
;B[bl]
;W[bm]
;B[am]
;W[bk]
;B[jc]
;W[jb]
;B[lm]
;W[km]
;B[mn]
;W[mo]
;B[mm]
;W[no]
;B[kl]
;W[jm]
;B[ll]
;W[lg]
;B[jk]
;W[cl]
;B[qj]
;W[rj]
;B[gm]
;W[ho]
;B[al]
;W[ak]
;B[an]
;W[ic]
;B[mr]
;W[nq]
;B[ns]
;W[op]
;B[pq]
;W[jd]
;B[pj]
;W[sg]
;B[ii]
;W[se]
;B[sd]
;W[ih]
;B[ji]
;W[hi]
;B[ie]
;W[ld]
;B[ke]
;W[he]
;B[gg]
;W[eq]
;B[fq]
;W[ep]
;B[cq]
;W[gn]
;B[ki]
;W[li]
;B[ik]
;W[sn]
;B[so]
;W[sm]
;B[dp]
;W[eo]
;B[id]
;W[jc]
;B[do]
;W[fo]
;B[hk]
;W[hl]
;B[cb]
;W[ph]
;B[pg]
;W[qk]
;B[ha]
;W[ia]
;B[fa]
;W[ca]
;B[ba]
;W[dj]
;B[cd]
;W[sf]
;B[gl]
;W[gj]
;B[gk]
;W[ij]
;B[kk]
;W[lh]
;B[ig]
;W[lf]
;B[le]
;W[gh]
;B[kj]
;W[jf]
;B[hf]
;W[jl]
;B[jj]
;W[gi]
;B[pi]
;W[cn]
;B[pk]
;W[ok]
;B[on]
;W[bb]MA[mg][mh][mi]C[White's territory excess in the center is 3 points in the scoring position. White wins by 2.5 points.

Not quite a coincidence. (Note that White sacrificed more points there to increase territory in the lower center.)]
)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;W[lk]
;TR[hh][jh][mf][ng][nh][ni][mj][lj][lk][ln][in][hm][il]PM[2]C[Result of the earlier changes in influence stones and neutral

stones\: the marked white stones control the (upper) center so that White makes a territory excess there.]FG[259:]
)

)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;B[og]
;TR[fh][fi][fj][fk][il][hm][in][ln][nn][nl][pl][qi][qh][og][qg][qf][pd][nc][kc][hc][gd][fe]LB[hn:N][fl:N][fm:N][em:N][en:N]

[fn:N]PM[2]C[Influence stone difference in the upper center (triangles)\: 8 - 14 = -6 in White's favour. That is, clearly

favourable for White.

The new neutral stones in the lower left center played since move 79 are denoted by N. The game sequence's neutral stone

difference (from move 79 to move 91), that is the difference of new black neutral stones and new white neutral stones, is 5

- 1 = 4.

Each new excess neutral stone is a great disadvantage. (In the worst case, already just one excess neutral stone equals a

pass.) The related principle says\: "\[...\] the neutral stone difference should be zero". (Because neither player wants to

get new inefficient to unvaluable stones.)

White improved the influence stone difference from -1 to -6 (recall that negative values favour White). The neutral stone

difference 4 (Black's disadvantage) is another view on expressing White's great advantage during the sequence.

Fan Hui lost the game because he made small premature endgame while overlooking the very disadvantageous changes of

influence (measured by the change in the influence stone difference) and neutral stones (measured by the neutral stone

difference). In other words, his positional judgement appreciated territory while it neglected the dynamic positional

aspects of influence and new neutral stones.]FG[259:]
)

)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;B[ji]
;TR[fh][fi][fj][fk][ji][il][ln][om][pl][qi][qh][qg][qf][pd][nc][kc][hc][gd][fe]PM[2]C[Influence stone difference in the

upper center\: 9 - 10 = -1 in White's favour. That is, almost equal.]FG[259:]
)

)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;W[il]
;TR[fj][fk][fl][il][gp][hp][ip][jq][kq][mq][ln][om]PM[2]C[The influence of unmarked stones is dominated by marked stones.

The influence stone difference in the lower center is 4 - 8 = -4 in White's favour.

This presumes the life of the black center string. However, currently it is weak.]FG[259:]
)

(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;W[gd]C[Assuming some tenuki from the lower center.]
;C[Sample play by Black in the lower center.]B[jl]
;MA[em][en][eo][fo][go][ho][io][jp][kp][ko][kn][jm][im][hm][gm][fm]TR[fj][fk][fl][jl][ln][om]W[tt]C[Result\: the marked

lower left center has become an almost neutral region. Only the marked stones remain as significant influence stones on the

outside of the lower center. There, the influence stone difference is 5 - 1 = 4 in Black's favour.

Note that now the black center group is not (so) weak any more. It can easily become strong.]
)

)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;W[ln]
;TR[dl][dn][fp][gp][hp][ip][jq][kq][mq][ln][om]LB[oq:*][pl:*][qn:*][pp:*][pm:*]PM[2]C[Ignoring the influence-dominated

stones marked with asterisks, counting the triangled stones as significant influence stones and judging the lower center,

its influence stone difference is 2 - 9 = -7 in White's favour.

The black move L2 has gained ca. 4 points for Black while White has gained the 1 extra influence stone M6. This influence

stone faces the wide open center and therefore is valuable. Surely it is more valuable than an equivalent of 4 extra points

of territory. Hence, by exchanging L2 for M6, Black loses the equivalence of a few points in sente, regardless of the exact

amount as a territory equivalent.

Note\: during the early opening, a move has the per move value 14 points. (See the book Joseki 2 - Strategy.) If an early

move has 50% territory and 50% influence value, its influence value expressed as a territory equivalent is 7 points. In view

of the wide open center in the current position, it is reasonable to assume that the value of one additional influence stone

is between 4 and 7 points if expressed as an estimated territory equivalent.

One of the reasons why Fan Hui lost the game is having played the premature endgame L2.]FG[259:]
)

)
(
;SQ[ln][kn][jn][in][hn][gn][go][ho][io][jo][jp][ko][kp][lo][lp][lq][lr][ls][kr][ks][js][ir][is][hr][hs][gr][gs][fs][es][fr]

PM[2]C[Locale in which current territory is counted.]FG[259:]
;C[This move results in the local current territory count 7 points.]B[kr]
;W[ln]
;C[Black has this as a follow-up privilege for a purely territorial endgame.]B[lq]
;W[lp]
;B[lr]
;MA[es][fs][gr][gs][hr][hs][ir][is][js][ks][kp][jp]W[mp]L[io][lo]C[A and B is ca. 1/2 point each.

The local territory count is 10 - 3 = 7 points.]
)

(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;C[In the locale, if now White makes a territorial move near the edge, we get the cases "Black makes the next local play"

with the current-territory count 5 and "White makes the next local play" with the count 1.5. On average, the local count is

(5 + 1.5) / 2 = 6.5 / 2 = 3.25 ~= 3 points.]B[jm]
(
;W[kr]
;B[jo]
;W[fq]
;B[fr]
;W[jp]
(
;MA[es][fs][gs][gr][hr][hs][is][lr][ls]C[Case Black makes the next local play.

The local territory count is 7 - 2 = 5 points.]B[ir]
)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;C[Case White makes the next local play.

As the following study shows, this case results in the approximate local territory count 1.5 points.]B[tt]
(
;W[hs]
(
;C[Black cannot answer here.]B[is]
;W[gr]
;B[ir]
;W[ks]
;B[fs]
;W[js]
)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;C[Black cannot answer here.]B[ir]
(
;W[gr]C[Fails]
(
;B[fs]
;W[js]
;B[gs]
;W[is]
)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;C[Black can answer here]B[hr]
;W[js]
;B[gs]
)

)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;W[js]
(
;C[Black cannot answer here.]B[is]
;W[gr]
;B[ks]
;W[ls]
;B[fs]
;W[js]C[W success]
)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;C[White endgame success but connection J1 is gote.]B[gr]
)

)

)

)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;W[ir]C[Can be an endgame variation but W will end in gote, so this is not considered for determining the current

territory.]
)

(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;W[js]C[White does not threaten to cut and capture by G2. However, for determining the current territory, we may assume

Black's peaceful reply.]
;B[ir]
;W[hs]
;C[Regardless of the move order, in which this position is reached, this is the position to be judged when assessing the

current territory in the case "White makes the next local play". For this purpose, we may not add another white play because

we assume White's sente. Therefore, counting current territory depends on an endgame-like count with a case analysis of the

local follow-ups.

Black's follow-up results in the local territory count 5 points. White's follow-up results in the local territory count -2

points. Between the two follow-up cases, there is an excess move difference of 2 moves. The approximated average local move

value is

(5 - (-2)) / 2 = 7 / 2 = 3.5 points.

Therefore the approximated average local territory count (which can be calculated by the change from Black's follow-up or

the change from White's follow-up) is 5 - 1 * 3.5 = -2 + 1 * 3.5 = 1.5 points.]B[gr]
(
;W[tt]C[Case Black follow-up]
;MA[es][fs][gs][hs][hr]L[lr]C[Black has 6 points. We might make extra efforts to assess White's points around A exactly, but

let us simply make the approximate guess that White has ca. 1 point on average there.

The approximated local territory count is 6 - 1 = 5 points.]B[is]
)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;MA[lr][ls]W[is]L[cs]C[Case White follow-up.

For the sake of simplicity, let us assume that A still is territory.

The local territory count is 0 - 2 = -2 points in White's favour.]
)

)

)

(
;TR[dl][dn][jm][om]PM[2]L[hl]SQ[fp][gp][hp][ip][jp][kq][mq]C[Assessment of the influence stone difference facing the lower

center.

Optimistic view\: squares denote significant influence stones. The influence stone difference is 3 - 8 = -5 in White's

favour.

Pessimistic view\: just one additional black stone around A puts the squared stones in a neutral region without significant

outside influence. There is a great risk of this happening so the squared stones should not count as significant influence

stones. The influence stone difference is 3 - 1 = 2 in Black's favour.

Indeed, the risk of too many white wall stones ending as neutral stones is so great that White should not have answered K7

at L2. L2 has only been assumed for the purely territorial judgement anyway.]FG[259:]
)

)
(
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;W[jo]C[From an influence point of view, it is essential to maintain the thickness of the white group.]
;TR[dl][dn][jm][om][fp][gp][hp][ip][jo][jq][kq][mq]PM[2]C[Influence stone difference for the lower center\: 3 - 9 = -6 in

White's favour.]FG[259:]
)

)

)

*************************************************************

Game 2

(;FF[4]ST[2]AP[GOWrite:2.3.48]SZ[19]CA[UTF-8]GM[1]PW[Fan Hui]RE[B+R]RU[Chinese]GN[ ]DT[2015-10-06]C[Commentary by Robert

Jasiek using theory of the book Positional Judgement 2 - Dynamics

Best viewed with a local SGF editor to see all the markup in SGF diagrams of variations.]WR[2p]FG[259:]PB[AlphaGo]PM[2]TM

[3600]KM[7.5]OT[1 moves / 30 sec]
;B[pd]
;W[dd]
;B[pp]
;W[dq]
;B[do]
;W[co]
;B[dp]
;W[cp]
;B[eq]
;W[cn]
;B[dn]
;W[dm]
;B[cq]
;W[dr]
;B[bq]
;W[cr]
;B[cm]
;W[cl]
;B[br]
;W[er]
;B[bm]
;W[bn]
;B[bl]
;W[bp]
;B[fq]
;W[dl]
;B[ck]
;W[dk]
;B[cj]
;W[fr]
;B[ao]
;W[ap]
;B[fo]
;W[dj]
;B[ch]
;W[di]
;B[bg]
;W[am]
;B[bk]
;W[gn]
;B[hq]
;W[ip]
;B[iq]
;W[jp]
;B[kq]
;W[kp]
;B[lq]
;W[jq]
;B[jr]
;W[ir]
;B[hr]
;W[kr]
;B[is]
;W[mp]
;B[lp]
;W[lo]
;B[mo]
;W[np]
;B[ln]
;W[ko]
;B[lr]
;W[po]
;B[no]
;W[op]
;B[oo]
;W[pq]
;B[qp]
;W[qq]
;B[ro]
;W[pn]
;B[rq]
;W[mn]
;B[nn]
;W[mm]
;B[nm]
;W[nl]
;B[ml]
;W[lm]
;B[ol]
;W[nk]
;B[om]
;W[rr]
;B[oq]
;W[ok]
;B[nq]
;W[pk]
;TR[di][dj][dk][dl][dm][gn][ip][jp][kp][ko][lo][mn][mm][lm][nl][nk][ok][pk]L[eg]C[Probably this move by AlphaGo is a

mistake.

The influence stone difference (the significant influence stones there are marked) in the center is 0 - 18 = -18 in White's

favour. In other words, White has a sphere of dominating influence.

Black should play at A, which reduces the white center influence, helps the somewhat weak black group on the left side and

attacks D16. For comparison, F17 does the latter but mostly neglects the other two aspects.

There sphere of dominating influence has the great local potential of being expanded and transformed to a solidified moyo by

White A. Therefore, A is a valuable intersection for either player's move.

Besides, this principle applies to possibly reducing or invading the sphere of dominating influence now\: "Reduce, but do

not invade, a moyo with a large influence stone difference and without space for easy life of an invading group." That is,

the reduction A is possible, but an immediate invasion would be a mistake.

AlphaGo has learned knowledge from next move shape samples, so we can assume that both A and F17 must have been among the

next move candidates. On the other hand, there would be only a few samples supporting the exact shape of the boundary of the

white sphere of dominating influence. Now, it is speculation whether AlphaGo suffered from insufficient samples for such

spheres of influence or whether subsequent Monte Carlo playouts hinted at a preference for F17 over A. The latter is not

inconceivable because there is aji in the white walls and so a large fraction of sample playouts might hit at successful

later exploitations of aji. In fact, this is exactly how the actual game ended.]B[fc]
;PM[2]FG[259:]
;W[cf]
;B[dh]
;W[eh]
;B[eg]
;W[fh]
;B[df]
;W[bf]
;B[fg]
;W[gh]
;B[ce]
;W[de]
;B[be]
;W[ef]
;B[dg]
;W[bd]
;B[af]
;W[cd]
;B[cg]
;W[gd]
;B[hc]
;W[gc]
;B[gb]
;W[fd]
;B[eb]
;W[ec]
;B[fb]
;W[db]
;B[jc]
;W[ke]
;B[ld]
;W[le]
;B[md]
;W[nf]
;B[pf]
;W[pc]
;B[qc]
;W[od]
;B[oe]
;W[qd]
;B[pe]
;W[qb]
;B[rc]
;W[rb]
;B[oc]
;W[pb]
;B[rd]
;W[ob]
;B[mb]
;W[sb]
(
;B[ho]
;W[jm]
;B[oh]
;W[nh]
;B[ni]
;W[oi]
;B[pi]
;W[oj]
;B[hn]
;W[hl]
;B[hg]
;W[gg]
;B[ie]
;W[if]
;B[hf]
;W[ig]
;B[hh]
;W[hd]
;B[id]
;W[he]
;B[jf]
;W[ih]
;B[gf]
;W[ff]
;B[hi]
;W[kg]
;B[fj]
;W[ei]
;B[ii]
;W[kh]
;B[gl]
;W[gk]
;B[hk]
;W[ik]
;B[fk]
;W[hj]
;B[gi]
;W[en]
;B[fl]
;W[fn]
;B[eo]
;W[em]
;B[hm]
;W[gm]
;B[il]
;W[hk]
;B[go]
)
(
;MA[ng][nh][ni][nj][ho][em][fm][jf][ig][hg]PM[2]L[kn][km][ll][ei]C[The big white moyo has major weaknesses at the crossed

gaps and the labelled minor weaknesses.

Reduction of a big moyo uses a method (see the book), of which I mention some important aspects\: First, identify the major

weaknesses of the moyo. Combine imagination of reduction, positional judgement and reduction strategies exploiting the major

weaknesses of the moyo.

And, from a human player's perspective, this is exactly what AlphaGo did with moves 137 - 149 and afterwards, then combined

with reading and re-evaluation of the then more important weaknesses D and the gap around E7, which initially is the least

important of the major weaknesses.

White 138 also decreased the degree of the minor weaknesses ABC. So in the end, we can say that AlphaGo exploited every aji

to reduce the white moyo. In particular, the program started with the most important weaknesses by devising a timing

enabling this - instead of failing to exploit some major weakness at all.

Besides, we see AlphaGo's implicit application of these related principles\:

- Perform a series of sente-like \[i.e., double sente or sente\] actions. Optionally, conclude with a gote-like \[i.e.,

reverse sente or gote\] action.
- Do not let your earlier actions inhibit your planned later actions.
- \[A principle of first strengthening adjacent groups need not be applied because Black's groups already are strong.\]
- \[...\] the attacker of a moyo must avoid suffering from severe collateral damage \[...\] (Compare move 155.)

Hence AlphaGo's skill in reducing a big moyo agrees to the book's theory of how to do so. However, the program achieves this

implicitly by relying on shape knowlede, neural nets and random sample continuations while the book provides human-

applicable theory not needing database knowledge and excessive calculation power.

Program and human play are related, however, when it comes to reading of the created capturing race. Reading tactics is

necessary for both, although AlphaGo reads implicitly by means of sufficiently good sampling while a human player might

prefer to read explicitly.]FG[259:]
)

)

*************************************************************

No Game 3 of the match here.

Game 4:

(;ST[2]GM[1]FF[4]AP[GOWrite:2.3.48]SZ[19]CA[UTF-8]GN[ ]PM[2]KM[6.50]RE[B+Resign]PB[Alpha Go]RU[Japanese]FG[259:]PW[Fan Hui]

C[Commentary by Robert Jasiek using theory of the book Positional Judgement 2 - Dynamics

Best viewed with a local SGF editor that shows arbitrary labels. Note that there are variations starting with a pass or the

same move as the major sequence's move. Variations contain essential diagram SGF nodes starting new diagrams even when there

is no new move. Online viewing of this SGF may be insufficient for seeing all the commentary, markup, SGF diagrams and

variations.]
;B[dp]
;W[pp]
;B[dd]
;W[pc]
;B[pe]
;W[qe]
;B[qf]
;W[qd]
;B[pg]
;W[nc]
;B[qk]
;W[qm]
;B[ok]
;W[oq]
;B[dj]
;W[fq]
;B[dn]
;C[How can White expect to win if he leaves at least one weak group (F3 or F17), which Black can attack favourably? This is

not a shinogi position but a position of voluntarily giving the opponent an unnecessary advantage.

Ok, to be fair, Fan Hui could not know yet just how strong AlphaGo would be in profiting from attacking a weak group. After

having seen all games of the match, we know it better.]W[fc]
;B[df]
;W[ip]
;B[ec]
(
;W[fd]
;B[id]
;W[he]
;B[ie]
;W[hg]
;B[hf]
;W[gf]
;B[if]
;W[gg]
;B[jh]
;C[Although the fight from move 32 to 98 looks complicated, it can be understood as a series of one-sided actions by Black

or White to apply this principle\:

"The positional judgement after each action determines the judgement before it."

Well, this is the theory, but the fight is long and complicated. Predicting it to its quiet end and working judgements

backwards from the judgement after move 98 to the judgement of move 32 is too hard. Fan Hui may as well have played his move

for this very reason\: to start an unpredictable fight. The related dry principle confirms this\:

"If, within the scope of reading, both players prefer a complex fight during their strategic choices, the positional

judgement assesses the initial position simply as having an unpredictable winner."

The fight starts with the one-move action of White's invasion and installation of a second weak group.

However, Fan Hui is being unreasonable to start such an unpredictable fight here because 1) both his groups are weak and 2)

each nearby black group is strong. It is common knowledge that starting a fight under such circumstances should only be a

means of cheating when clearly behind. Hm, but considering that all black stones work well while White has had a weak group

of 6 stones in a neutral region (where neither player can make much territory), White already is behind!

It is the reader's exercise to decompose the following fight into its one-sided actions.]W[dh]
;B[eg]
;W[ih]
;B[ji]
;W[eh]
;B[fh]
;W[fi]
;B[fg]
;W[ej]
;B[gi]
;W[gj]
;B[hj]
;W[dk]
;B[gk]
;W[fj]
;B[hi]
;W[ib]
;B[cj]
;W[cg]
;B[ck]
;W[be]
;B[cc]
;W[bc]
;B[bb]
;W[cd]
;B[ac]
;W[bd]
;B[db]
;W[de]
;B[ee]
;W[cf]
;B[ed]
;W[jc]
;B[hc]
;W[gb]
;B[hb]
;W[ha]
;B[fb]
;W[gc]
;B[dl]
;W[bi]
;B[ci]
;W[bh]
;B[qo]
;W[pl]
;B[pk]
;W[qp]
;B[fa]
;W[ga]
;B[lc]C[It seems that AlphaGo could "read" to move 98.]
;W[lb]
;B[kb]
;W[kc]
;B[mb]
;W[ld]
;B[mc]
;W[md]
;B[nb]
;W[ke]
;B[oc]
;W[od]
;B[nd]
;W[ne]
;B[pb]
;W[nc]
;B[ob]
;C[With the next move, a "complex fight" (neither a "one-sided fight" nor a simple "exchange") starts and cannot be easily

decomposed into a series of one-sided fights. Therefore, in the now created fighting region on the left lower side, every

relevant dynamic strategic aspect must be evaluated and re-evaluated after every move to choose the best dynamic change for

the moving player. This should be done in a context of a, here omitted, static positional judgement for the rest of the

board excluding the fighting region.

Initially, the left lower white group is alive and stable, White threatens to enclose the right lower side and either player

has the option of making territory in the lower left corner.]W[pd]
;B[kq]C[The move destabilises the white group, creates an unstable black group and prevents White from enclosing territory

on the right lower side.

For the sake of simplicity, let us assume that this invasion is more attractive than the reduction L5.

Alternatively, Black could take the lower left corner with, e.g., D3, which White might answer at L4.

Is L3 or D3 better? White answers either move, again stabilising or increasing the stability of the white group. L3 means

that White can make a few excess points, D3 - L4 means that the players make similar amounts of new points. There is,

however, a major difference between D3 and L3\: Black L3 or otherwise White L4 greatly affect the potential development in

the lower center, which is wide and adjacent to strong black and white stones so that either player threatens to build a

moyo there or prevent the opponent's moyo. Hence, L3 is more valuable than D3.]
;C[White stabilises the white group and destabilises the black stone.]W[jq]
;B[kp]C[Black stabilises his and destabilises the white group.]
(
;W[dr]C[White stabilises F3 and prepares taking the corner territory but leaves behind the weakness A, which White B might

eliminate. As the variation suggests, D2 is better than B. A similar argument could be made against C.]L[hq][kr][in]
;FG[259:]PM[2]
;B[hq]C[Black destabilises all white stones and stabilises his other string by creating the option of connecting at A.]L[jr]
;FG[259:]PM[2]
;C[and so on]W[ir]
;B[gq]
;W[fp]
;B[fr]
;W[er]
;B[ho]
;W[gr]
;B[hr]
;W[fs]
;B[go]
;C[Result\: White has taken the corner and reduced the black territory on the left side a bit. Black has stabilised his

strings on the lower side, claims territory in the lower left center, threatens to expand the moyo rightwards, has reduced

White's center potential and prevents white territory on the right lower side.

Territorially, probably this is fair but Black has gained additional center potential while White has lost quite some center

potential. Hence, considering all, Black has gained from the fight\: the center potential has been shifted greatly from

"shared" to "dominated by Black".]W[cq]
;B[rp]
;W[rq]
;B[ig]
;W[qb]
;B[rb]
;W[qa]
;B[rc]
;W[qc]
;B[la]
;W[on]
;B[rf]
;W[sb]
;B[mg]
;W[of]
;B[og]
;W[mf]
;B[nm]
;W[lg]
;B[mh]
;W[lo]
;B[ko]
;W[ln]
;B[kn]
;W[lm]
;B[km]
;W[ll]
;B[om]
;W[pn]
;B[mp]
;W[mq]
;B[np]
;W[nn]
;B[nq]
;W[kr]
;B[mr]
;W[hs]
;B[or]
;W[pr]
;B[op]
;W[pq]
;B[po]
;W[oo]
;B[ro]
;W[sq]
;B[qr]
;W[ps]
;B[rr]
;W[sr]
;B[rm]
;W[rl]
;B[ql]
)
(
;FG[259:]PM[2]
;W[kr]
;B[lr]
;W[jr]
;B[rp]
;W[rq]
;B[er]
;W[jn]
;B[no]C[Black took the lower left corner and now threatens to defend A or B. White would have a hard time catching up with

Black's excess of new territory gained during the fight.]L[kp][qo]
)

)
(
;FG[259:]PM[2]
;W[eb]
;B[db]
;C[This variation can lead to a long endgame, something Fan Hui tried and lost in game 1. Besides, the low and narrow

formation on the upper side is unattractive.]W[ic]
)

)

*************************************************************

Game 5:

(;ST[2]GM[1]FF[4]AP[GOWrite:2.3.48]SZ[19]CA[UTF-8]GN[ ]PM[2]KM[6.50]RE[W+Resign]PB[Fan Hui]RU[Japanese]FG[259:]PW[Alpha Go]

C[Commentary by Robert Jasiek using theory of the book Positional Judgement 2 - Dynamics

Best viewed with a local SGF editor.]
;B[dp]
;W[pp]
;B[cd]
;W[pd]
;B[nc]
;W[qf]
;B[ic]
;W[cj]
;B[ci]
;W[di]
;B[ch]
;W[dj]
;B[dh]
;W[cn]
;B[ei]
;W[fq]
;B[eo]
;W[cq]
;B[cl]
;W[dl]
;B[cp]
;W[dq]
;B[dm]
;W[cm]
;B[el]
;W[dk]
;B[bl]
;W[bk]
;B[dn]
;W[bm]
;B[gp]
;W[gq]
;B[hp]
;W[iq]
;B[pb]
;W[qc]
;B[ld]
;W[ec]
;B[dc]
;W[db]
;B[ed]
;W[cc]
;B[dd]
;W[bb]
;B[eb]
;W[fc]
;B[fb]
;W[bd]
;B[da]
;W[cb]
;B[be]
;W[ac]
;B[ek]
;W[bi]
;B[bh]
;W[fd]
;B[gb]
;W[id]
;B[jd]
;W[hc]
;B[hb]
;W[jc]
;B[ib]
;W[md]
;B[je]
;W[mc]
;B[me]
;W[nd]
;B[lb]
;W[lc]
;B[kc]
;W[le]
;B[ai]
;W[bo]
;B[lf]
;W[kd]
;B[jb]
;W[ej]
;B[fj]
;W[fi]
;B[bj]
;W[eh]
;B[ak]
;W[gj]
;B[fk]
;W[ef]
;B[fe]
;W[gk]
;B[ck]
;W[ei]
;B[fm]
;W[hh]
;B[ji]C[The territorial deire value of A is ca. 22 points. Besides, A greatly strengthens the black group in the lower

center. If Black's move is gote because the white group lives, it is hard to justify the move as more valuable than A.

Maybe Fan Hui expected his move to be sente. AlphaGo's "reading" during the subsequent fight is impressive\: the program

defends life.]L[bp]
;FG[259:]PM[2]
;W[bp]
;B[ij]
;W[ff]
;B[ge]
;W[hl]
;B[jl]
;W[im]
;B[jo]
;C[Except for intervening forcing sequences before and afterwards during the fight, now its phase of sente actions by Black

to attack the life of the white group ends.]W[jm]
;B[km]C[This move starts the "reward action", with which Black rewards himself at the end of the fight.

It is a general nature of one-sided fights that the attacker plays a series of sente actions and optionally concludes with a

reward action.

]
;W[kn]
;B[jn]
;W[kl]
;B[lm]
;W[jk]
;B[ll]
;W[kk]
;B[ik]
;W[il]
;B[lk]
;W[kj]
;B[mi]
;W[kh]
;B[jh]
;W[lj]
;B[mj]
;W[lh]
;B[ke]
;W[mg]
;B[lo]C[This concludes the reward action. Here, as usual, the reward action is a gote action. Black's reward is the creation

of his group of thickness on the outside. Still it is unconceivable that Black can compensate his loss at B4.

The position before the fight (before move 93) inherits the judgement of the position after the fight (after move 123).

Instead, Fan Hui seems to have expected killing the group. In this case, the judgement before the fight would be "win

because I kill you".]
;W[qm]
;B[ne]
;W[oe]
;B[ld]
;W[fp]
;B[hn]
;W[fo]
;B[gn]
;W[og]
;B[mb]
;W[od]
;B[qq]
;W[qp]
;B[pq]
;W[oq]
;B[or]
;W[nr]
;B[rp]
;W[ro]
;B[op]
;W[nq]
;B[rr]
;W[sp]
;B[sq]
;W[rq]
;B[gl]
;W[hk]
;B[rp]
;W[pr]
;B[qr]
;W[rq]
;B[nh]
;W[ng]
;B[rp]
;W[mn]
;B[ln]
;W[rq]
;B[gi]
;W[hi]
;B[rp]
;W[ce]
;B[so]
;W[ee]
;B[oo]
;W[pj]
;B[lr]
;W[pn]
;B[rn]
;W[on]
;B[mo]
;W[nk]
;B[mk]
;W[jr]
;B[qk]
;W[pk]
;B[qj]
;W[qi]
;B[rl]
;W[ri]
;B[kr]
;W[kq]
;B[lq]
;W[kp]
;B[lp]
;W[rm]
;B[sm]
;W[ql]
;B[po]
;W[rk]
;B[qb]
;W[rb]
;B[ra]
;W[rc]
;B[oc]
;W[hq]
;B[gc]
;W[de]
;B[hf]
;W[gh]
;B[bf]
;W[ig]
;B[jg]
;W[if]
;B[ie]
;W[ep]
;B[do]
;W[fn]
;B[ip]
;W[jq]
;B[ko]
;C[Black resigns.]W[no]
)